Processes and System Performance

The following table describes terms that are related to processes.

Table 11-1 Process Terminology

Term	Description
Process	Any system activity or job. Each time you boot a system, execute a command, or start an application, the system activates one or more processes.
Lightweight process (LWP)	A virtual CPU or execution resource. LWPs are scheduled by the kernel to use available CPU resources based on their scheduling class and priority. LWPs include a kernel thread and an LWP. A kernel thread contains information that has to be in memory all the time. An LWP contains information that is swappable.
Application thread	A series of instructions with a separate stack that can execute independently in a user's address space. Application threads can be multiplexed on top of LWPs.

A process can consist of multiple LWPs and multiple application threads. The kernel schedules a kernel-thread structure, which is the scheduling entity in the SunOS environment. Various process structures are described in the following table.

Table 11-2 Process Structures

Structure	Description
`proc`	Contains information that pertains to the whole process and must be in main memory all the time
`kthread`	Contains information that pertains to one LWP and must be in main memory all the time
`user`	Contains the “per process” information that is swappable
`klwp`	Contains the “per LWP process” information that is swappable

The following figure illustrates the relationships among these process structures.

Figure 11-1 Relationships Among Process Structures

The preceding text in the table describes the graphic.

Most process resources are accessible to all the threads in the process. Almost all process virtual memory is shared. A change in shared data by one thread is available to the other threads in the process.